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Impoundment
Containment of produced water in water storage facilities, reservoirs, and ponds has been the preferred water management option for several years. The shear size and number of these structures represents a great expense. The success of this strategy relies on evaporation and infiltration. Infiltration becomes limited as the clays in the soil swell and as the reservoir or pond fills. Once the impoundment is full, CBM wells need to be shut-in and water rerouted until enough water has evaporated to allow additional capacity in the reservoir.
Required permits and approvals include NPDES and SEO permits, groundwater investigations and installation of approved groundwater monitoring wells and programs. In some cases approval from the Army Corps of Engineers may also be required. The permitting timeline is prohibitive, unless the facility is existing and permitted.